Elevated pulmonary venous pressure leads to faster fluid infiltration into the interstitial lung than the ability of the pulmonary lymphatic vessel to drain away fluid, resulting in pulmonary edema. doi:10.1007/s43440-020-00132-z, Runfeng, L., Yunlong, H., Jicheng, H., Weiqi, P., Qinhai, M., Yongxia, S., et al. J. Pathol. Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine. 102 (8), 966974. COVID-19; abnormal lung humoral metabolism; drug; pulmonary edema; syndrome coronavirus 2; traditional Chinese medicine. As such, the S protein is essential for viral infection (Heald-Sargent and Gallagher, 2012; Li, 2016; Walls et al., 2020). Int. Subjects 1760 (1), 19. Biochim. (2020a). Virol. Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City Area. His lab findings and clinical course were consistent with those of MIS after COVID-19 vaccination. Impact of -adrenergic Agonist on Na+ Channel and Na+-K+-ATPase Expression in Alveolar Type II Cells.
COVID-19 Vaccine and Pulmonary Embolism: Is There a Link? - Healthline J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Dis. Pharmacol.
Pulmonary Edema in COVID19-A Neural Hypothesis - PubMed Improving the blood circulation can advance the oxygen supply for organs, accelerate the absorption of fluid and eventually improve pulmonary edema. There are multiple potential mechanisms leading to pulmonary edema in severe Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) patients and understanding of those mechanisms may enable proper management of this condition. eCollection 2021. 21, 97S107S. During the infection of SARS-CoV-2, RAS, BK and hyaluronic acid (HA) are all involved in the regulation of AFC and the formation of pulmonary edema (Garvin et al., 2020). Res. Cell 181 (2), 281292. [Effect of Astragali Radix in Improving Early Renal Damage in Metabolic Syndrome Rats through ACE2/Mas Pathway]. (2020). 10.1007/s42399-020-00610-8 161, 105290. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105290, Shi, Y., Wang, Y., Shao, C., Huang, J., Gan, J., Huang, X., et al. Optimizing Diagnostic Strategy for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia, a Multi-center Study in Eastern China. J. Med. 2020 Jun 1;318(6):L1239-L1243. doi:10.7554/eLife.59177, George, P. M., Wells, A. U., and Jenkins, R. G. (2020). J. Med. Biochim. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and the ENaC located in the airway apical membranes and alveolar epithelial cells are essential in regulating lung fluid balance across airway as the chloride (Cl) and bicarbonate (HCO3) secretion conduits, and alveolar epithelia by sodium (Na+) ion absorption (Matalon, 1999; Birket et al., 2016; Londino et al., 2017). Cmp 6 (1), 1327. doi:10.1007/s00424-018-2232-y, Woods, P. S., Tazi, M. F., Chesarino, N. M., Amer, A. O., and Davis, I. C. (2015). Med. Further studies may determine if CD44 inhibitors can be of use to in COVID-19. 313 (5), L845L858. North America 33 (4), 869889. Immunol. Quantitative mRNA Expression Profiling of ACE 2, a Novel Homologue of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme. 110 (25), E2308E2316. Crit. Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri (IRCCS), Italy. As the infection progresses, the immune function is impaired, causing damage to multiple organs, additional complications, and eventually death (Yang et al., 2020). Pharmacol. Circ. Cytokine Storm in COVID-19: The Current Evidence and Treatment Strategies. Most side effects are mild and normally last only a day or two. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa105/5811022, Minakata, Y., Suzuki, S., Grygorczyk, C., Dagenais, A., and Berthiaume, Y. 50 (4), 113. ACE2 is most abundantly expressed in human vascular endothelial cells as well as alveolar and intestinal epithelial cells. doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.17.040177.001053, Fronius, M. (2013). Here, we summarized several natural compounds and TCM formulas which are very likely to be potential drugs or have already shown predominant efficacy of COVID-19 patients.
Pulmonary capillary leak syndrome following COVID-19 virus infection Circ. Potassium channels modulate the expression of ENaC. After internal reviews of the reports, the CDC "did not find any data suggesting a link between Covid-19 vaccines and tinnitus," an agency . 382 (18), 17081720. Clinical Features of Patients Infected with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China. FEBS Lett. Med. Patients receive high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), non-invasive ventilation (NIV), mechanical ventilation or ECMO as respiratory supports (Guo et al., 2020; Pascarella et al., 2020), a crystalloid fluid to ensure body fluid equilibrium (Christ-Crain et al., 2020), and anticoagulants for restraining the thrombus formation to aid in circulatory support (Connors and Levy, 2020). The latest research revealed that alveolar macrophages, which normally play a protective role, may also be infected by SARS-CoV-2 and release T cell chemokines, resulting large amounts of T cells gathering in lung and generating IFN. Crit. KCa3.1 (1-EBIO) and KATP (minoxidil) channel openers can greatly recover AFC in mice intratracheally administrated verapamil, which is the first generation of the phenylalkylamine class of calcium channel antagonists (Fleckenstein, 1977; Nayler and Dillon, 1986), suggesting that K+ channel openers might be potential drugs for treating pulmonary edema (Han et al., 2010). J. Physiol. Was this helpful? 8600 Rockville Pike Am. JACC: Basic Translational Sci. Circulation 37 (1), 4553. It has been revealed that COVID-19 patients treated with Lian-Hua-Qing-Wen capsules for 14days resulted in a considerably higher recovery rate of 91.5%, a dramatically shorter median time to symptom recovery of 7days than the control group, which applied conventional treatment (Hu et al., 2021). Clin. It was observed that the expression of ENaC and Na+/K+-ATPase in primary alveolar type II cells from rat lungs increased responding to terbutaline (Minakata et al., 1998). doi:10.1016/s1875-5364(18)30123-7, Zhang, D., Zhang, B., Lv, J.-T., Sa, R.-N., Zhang, X.-M., and Lin, Z.-J. CFTR and NKCC inhibitors show promise in treating pulmonary edema. The abnormal expression of AQP is closely related to the abnormal alveolar fluid metabolism and the subsequent pulmonary fibrosis of COVID-19 patients. doi:10.1182/blood.2020006000, Couto, M., de Diego, A., Perpii, M., Delgado, L., and Moreira, A. Res. COVID-19: Urgent Reconsideration of Lung Edema as a Preventable Outcome: Inhibition of TRPV4 As a Promising and Feasible Approach. Am. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is also a risk factor for severe COVID-19 which can be observed in the CT scans of COVID-19 patients (Xu et al., 2020; George et al., 2020). Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Pulmonary edema is the disequilibrium between formation and reflux of lung tissue fluid leading to the absorption of massive tissue fluid by lung lymph and vein failure. Vaccines (Basel). Lancet Respir. Purpose To investigate pulmonary vascular abnormalities at CT pulmonary angiography (CT-PE) in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Struct. Transl. 275 (2), L414L422. Copyright 2021 Cui, Chen, Zhou, Gong, Zhu, Lv, Guo, Duan, Zhou, Marcon and Ma. 11. JAMA 323 (20), 20522059. CD44 inhibition reduces the IL-2 induced vascular leakage syndrome, revealing that CD44 may act as a potential target in COVID-19 treatment. medRxiv. J. (2004). The Clinical Benefits of Chinese Patent Medicines against COVID-19 Based on Current Evidence. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.53.37834, De Logu, F., Patacchini, R., Fontana, G., and Geppetti, P. (2016). Moreover, as a retrospective multicenter cohort study reported, early treatment with Qing-Fei-Pai-Du Decoction associated with better outcomes, faster recovery, and a shorter duration of hospital stay (Shi et al., 2020a). First post-authorization U.S. doses of Janssen COVID -19 Vaccine. (2021). N.Y. Acad. 23 (5), 289301. Wang C, Xie J, Zhao L, Fei X, Zhang H, Tan Y, Nie X, Zhou L, Liu Z, Ren Y, Yuan L, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Liang L, Chen X, Liu X, Wang P, Han X, Weng X, Chen Y, Yu T, Zhang X, Cai J, Chen R, Shi ZL, Bian XW. It shows the vaccine is teaching your body's immune system how to protect itself from the disease. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27408 Abstract Myocarditis is one of the complications reported with COVID-19 vaccines, particularly both Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines.
Florida surgeon general altered key findings in study on Covid-19 Physiol. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Cepharanthine: a Review of the Antiviral Potential of a Japanese-approved Alopecia Drug in COVID-19. Immune-modulatory agents, supportive cares, and antiviral drugs have been tested as COVID-19 treatments in patients with severe infections (Pascarella et al., 2020; Ren et al., 2020). HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help (2020d). In these patients, white blood cells count, neutrophil count and D-dimer level keep rising while lymphocyte count keeps decreasing as the disease progresses. Xue-Bi-Jing injection is also widely applicated in treating COVID-19 patients and by adding it based on the routine anti-infective therapy, the 28-day mortality of patients with severe pneumonia could be reduced by 8.8%, greatly improving pneumonia severity index (from 93.18 23.17 to 52.18 30.53) (Ma et al., 2020b). Sharma, A., Garcia, G., Wang, Y., Plummer, J. T., Morizono, K., Arumugaswami, V., et al. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00438.x, Bailey, A. L., Dmytrenko, O., Greenberg, L., Bredemeyer, A. L., Ma, P., Liu, J., et al. Res. Mechanism of BK inducing pulmonary edema and potential drugs. CDC interim clinical considerations and FDA Before Glucocorticoids were shown to have the ability of inducing de novo synthesis of ENaC (Chow et al., 1999; Otulakowski et al., 1999; Sayegh et al., 1999) and affecting ENaC regulatory pathway via serum and glucocorticoids-inducible kinase-1 (SGK-1) (Chen et al., 1999; de la Rosa et al., 1999; Itani et al., 2001; Zhang et al., 2007). According to previous studies, activation of AT1 receptor inhibits AFC by down-regulating cAMP and dysregulating ENaC expression, leading to Ang II-dependent pulmonary edema and alveolar filling increase (Deng et al., 2012). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted XC analyzed and reviewed the research articles as well as drafting the manuscript. The COVID-19 Vaccine Development Landscape. Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Pulmonary Chemical Injuries and as Countermeasure Targets. 276 (22), 1865718664. (2020b). 308 (11), L1136L1144. 156, 104761. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104761, Sartori, C., Allemann, Y., Duplain, H., Lepori, M., Egli, M., Lipp, E., et al. Med. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is a crucial protease that catalyzes RNA replication from RNA templates and is an appealing therapeutic target. Contact. (2018). 275(3), L631L635. doi:10.1007/s11427-020-1637-5, Xu, Y.-H., Dong, J.-H., An, W.-M., Lv, X.-Y., Yin, X.-P., Zhang, J.-Z., et al. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00376.2005, Li, C., Wang, P., Li, M., Zheng, R., Chen, S., Liu, S., et al. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00290.2014, Ji, G., Chen, R., and Zheng, J. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00373.2014, Hu, F., Chen, J., Chen, H., Zhu, J., Wang, C., Ni, H. B., et al. Sodium transport is the main ion transport involved in the AFC. Rev. Emodin, an anthraquinone compound from genus Rheum and Polygonum, can markedly prevent the binding of S protein and ACE2 in the study of SARS-CoV (Ho et al., 2007). Moreover, exogenous delivery of Ang (17) was shown to play a part in reducing inflammation and improving pulmonary function in ARDS models (Wosten-van Asperen et al., 2011). getting a COVID-19 vaccine is one way to lower the chance of developing . Neurosci. Biophys. doi:10.1111/bph.12414, Kaur, S. P., and Gupta, V. (2020). Authors Summary of potential TCM formulae against COVID-19. 289 (1), L104L110. The Current Evidence for the Treatment of Sepsis with Xuebijing Injection: Bioactive Constituents, Findings of Clinical Studies and Potential Mechanisms.
Are The Two Newly Authorized COVID-19 Vaccines Safe and Effective? Some people experience no side effects after vaccination while many will experience mild side effects, such as pain, swelling at the injection site, a headache, chills or a fever. Bradykinin (BK) is an important cellular mediator that causes vasodilatation and leaky blood vessels, leading to vascular leakage and edema (de Maat et al., 2020). Mol. K+ Channels Regulate ENaC Expression via Changes in Promoter Activity and Control Fluid Clearance in Alveolar Epithelial Cells. doi:10.1007/s00018-007-6228-6, Itani, O. Currently, these manifestations are considered to be only consequences of pulmonary SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. Pulmonary Edema. Am. 46 (2), 208214. Sci. (2020). 11, 1708. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01708, Thanh Le, T., Andreadakis, Z., Kumar, A., Gmez Romn, R., Tollefsen, S., Saville, M., et al.
Lung Consolidation: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment - Verywell Health Protein Chem. COVID-19 patients often have pathological features such as pulmonary interstitial or alveolar edema, diffuse tracheal phlegm thrombus and pulmonary inflammatory lymphoid infiltration, and are prone to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), causing lung injury (Cutts et al., 2017). Like all medicines, the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines can cause side effects. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Recombinant Human ACE2: Acing Out Angiotensin II in ARDS Therapy. Studies have shown that MCTR1 (Han et al., 2020), PCTR1 (Zhang et al., 2020) and protectin DX (Zhuo et al., 2018), endogenously produced lipid mediators, can effectively improve PFC, ameliorate morphological damage, reduce lung inflammation, and increase sodium channel and Na-K-ATPase expression and activity in vivo and in vitro in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ARDS rats model. Exuberant Elevation of IP-10, MCP-3 and IL-1ra during SARS-CoV-2 Infection Is Associated with Disease Severity and Fatal Outcome. (2021). Amiloride, a prototypic inhibitor of ENaC, might also have a potential in treating COVID-19 patients. 383 (19), 18131826. doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30225-3, Goldenberg, N. M., Ravindran, K., and Kuebler, W. M. (2015). Physiol. Mechanism of inhibiting ENaC inducing pulmonary edema. A recent review has summarized the effects of TRPs in pulmonary chemical injuries, which includes the representative TRPA1, TRPV1 and TRPV4 antagonists which have participated in preclinical and clinical studies (Achanta and Jordt, 2020) (Supplementary Tables S1S3). (2002). Glucocorticoid Induction of Epithelial Sodium Channel Expression in Lung and Renal Epithelia Occurs via Trans-activation of a Hormone Response Element in the 5-Flanking Region of the Human Epithelial Sodium Channel Subunit Gene. A blocked upper airway causes negative pressure in the lungs from trying to breathe through the blockage. SN Compr. It has been shown that SARS-CoV-2 infects human cells via specific binding of S-protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) (Figure 2 Infection and replication process of SARS-CoV-2) (Xu et al., 2020) and the binding affinity between these two proteins is 1020 times greater than that of SARS-CoV and ACE2 (Yan et al., 2020; Wrapp et al., 2020).